Cardsplain

The fine print

doesn't target. It looks for your only as it . If the opponent kills your Army while an amass is waiting on the (in response to Bothersome Noisemaker's trigger, say), the amass still happens. It creates a new Army and puts the on that one in the same step, so the never for lack of counters.

The Army is a token. When it leaves the battlefield it ceases to exist, and every +1/+1 counter on it goes with it. Destroyed or , the Army dies, so The Great Goblin's dies trigger sees it. by Pinecone Strike, Gnashing of Teeth's -5/-5 mode or Head of the Hunt, it never dies at all. Goblin Plate Mail stays on the battlefield unattached, and moving it to the new Army costs equip .

Gnashing of Teeth's -1/-1 is not a counter. Its second mode gives your creatures -1/-1 until end of turn. A 1/1 Army drops to 0 toughness and dies, but a 2/2 Army lives and is a 2/2 again next turn, because its counters were never removed. An amass at speed in response (Noisemaker plus Pinecone Strike) can save it. An Army created after Gnashing resolved isn't affected, because the effect changes only the creatures you controlled as it resolved.

Who chooses. Crude Bent Blade targets a player, and that player sacrifices a creature of their choice. When your Blade enters, the opponent gives up their worst creature, and when an opponent's Blade hits you, you pick. on a creature doesn't stop it. Azog, Moria's Ruin makes the destroyed creature's controller amass, so on the opponent's 4/4 it hands them four counters, a new 4/4 Army if they had none.

Text box of Crude Bent Blade
Crude Bent Blade targets the opponent, and the opponent picks the creature to sacrifice.

. Clap! Snap! is a while it is on the stack, so it triggers Noisemaker. Great Ugly-Looking Goblin, cast later from exile, is a creature spell and doesn't.

Great Ugly-Looking Goblin
Clap! Snap! is the Adventure. It amasses 2, and the 4/4 Goblin comes later from exile.